Tibet བོད་ & Tibetan བོད་པ་

  བོད་་   / Bod

영어 발음, 영어명 Tibet (티베트)는 "བོད་ (Bod,보드) " 나라(지역)를 지칭하는 것입니다.

[ 보드어: བོད་ 영어:Tibet, 한글:티베트, 汉语(漢語) : 西藏 (Xīzàng), 藏 (Zàng) ]

 

Tibet བོད་ & Tibetan བོད་པ་ Chinese 西藏 

Tibet

Tibet བོད་ & Tibetan བོད་པ་ Chinese 西藏

 

Snow Lion Flag,설산사자기

Civil and state flag, national ensign

 

Two snow lions holding a flaming blue, white and orange jewel and a blue and orange yin-yang symbol on a white mountain with a gold sun rising over it, all over 12 red and blue alternating rays with a gold border around the upper, lower, and hoist side of the flag.

 

In February 1913, shortly after the fall of the Qing dynasty, the 13th Dalai Lama, Tibet's political and spiritual leader, declared independence from China and began modernizing the Tibetan army.

 

In 1916, the new national flag was adopted by the Dalai Lama and all army regiments were ordered to carry the flag in its present form.

 

In addition to being carried by Tibet's army, the flag was displayed on public buildings of the Ganden Phodrang government. Historical footage shows the flag flying at the foot of the Potala Palace, the site of the Dalai Lama's government in Tibet. The snow lion motif was also used on a flag seen by English diplomat, Sir Eric Teichman, flying above a Tibetan government building during the 1917-1918 hostilities between Sichuan and Tibet: “Over the Kalon Lama’s residence...floats the banner of Tibet, a yellow flag bearing a device like a lion in green, with a white snow mountain and a sun and moon in the corner."

 

Flag of Tibet

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

The Tibetan flag, also known as the "snow lion flag" (gangs seng dar cha),] was the flag of the de facto independent polity of Tibet from 1916 to 1951. It was adopted by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1916.

Banned by the Chinese government since 1959, the flag has not been in official use by any region in the world since 1951; however it is used by the Tibetan Government in Exile, based in Dharamshala, India.

 

Tibet བོད་ & Tibetan བོད་པ་

(Chinese 西藏)

Tibet བོད་ & Tibetan བོད་པ་

 

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

 

Tibet (/tɪˈbɛt/ ; Chinese: 西藏; pinyin: Xīzàng) is a region in East Asia covering much of the Tibetan Plateau spanning about 2.5 million km2. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpa, Tamang, Qiang, Sherpa, and Lhoba peoples and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han Chinese and Hui people[1] The highest elevation in Tibet is Mount Everest

 

The Tibetan Empire emerged in the 7th century, but with the fall of the empire the region soon divided into a variety of territoriesÜ-Tsang) was often at least nominally unified under a series of Tibetan governments in Lhasa, Shigatse Kham and Amdo often maintained a more decentralized indigenous political structure, being divided among a number of small principalities and tribal groups, while also often falling more directly under Chinese rule after the Battle of Chamdo; most of this area was eventually incorporated into the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Qinghai.

 

Following the Xinhai Revolution against the Qing dynasty in 1912, Qing soldiers were disarmed and escorted out of Tibet Area (Ü-Tsang). The region subsequently declared its independence in 1913 without recognition by the subsequent Chinese Republican government[3] Later, Lhasa took control of the western part of Xikang Battle of Chamdo, Tibet was occupied and incorporated into the People's Republic of China. Today, China governs western and central Tibet as the Tibet Autonomous Region while the eastern areas are now mostly ethnic autonomous prefectures within Sichuan, Qinghai and other neighbouring provinces. There are tensions regarding Tibet's political status[5] and dissident groups that are active in exile. Tibetan activists in Tibet have reportedly been arrested or tortured.

 

The economy of Tibet is dominated by subsistence agriculture, though tourism has become a growing industry in recent decades. The dominant religion in Tibet is Tibetan Buddhism; in addition there is Bön, which is similar to Tibetan Buddhism, and there are also Tibetan Muslims and Christian minorities. Tibetan Buddhism is a primary influence on the art, music, and festivals of the region. Tibetan architecture reflects Chinese and Indian influences. Staple foods in Tibet are roasted barley, yak meat, and butter tea

 

 

བོད་ / Bod

티베트어 발음을 와일리(Wylie) 방식 로마자로 옮기면 bod지만, 음절 앞 자음 b가 무성 유기음화되고, 음절 핵모음은 전설화되며, 음절 뒤 자음 d는 무성 성문음화되어 [pʰø̌ʔ˨˧˨]처럼 발음된다. 따라서 발음에 따른 표기는 Bhö, Bö, Phö, Poi 등 여러 가지가 혼재한다. 단, 고대 티베트어 발음은 /*bot/ 으로 와일리식 표기와 발음이 비슷하다.
영어: Tibet
한글: 티베트
중국어: 西藏 (Xīzàng), 藏 (Zàng)

 

633년, 손첸감포는 스키타이 계열 유목민을 평정하는 한편 티베트 일대를 통일한 후, 수도를 라싸로 정하고 토번(吐蕃) 왕국을 건설한다.

 

투베트, 투보트[吐蕃, 토번 ; *망명 정부의 한자표기 도박(圖博, Tǔbó) ]을

고대 튀르크에선 튀퓌트(Tüpüt), 아랍 세계로 전해진 뒤 영어권에서 Thibet--->Tibet 으로...

Names

Main article: Definitions of Tibet

The Tibetan name for their land, Bod (བོད་), means 'Tibet' or 'Tibetan Plateau', although it originally meant the central region around Lhasa, now known in Tibetan as Ü (དབུས).[citation needed] The Standard Tibetan pronunciation of Bod ([pʰøʔ˨˧˨]) is transcribed as: Bhö in Tournadre Phonetic Transcription; Bö in the THL Simplified Phonetic Transcription; and Poi in Tibetan pinyin Bod ('Tibet') was the ancient Bautai people recorded in the Egyptian-Greek works Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st century CE) and Geographia (Ptolemy, 2nd century CE), itself from the Sanskrit form Bhauṭṭa of the Indian geographical tradition.

 

The modern Standard Chinese exonym for the ethnic Tibetan region is Zangqu (Chinese: 藏区; pinyin: Zàngqū), which derives by metonymy from the Tsang region around Shigatse plus the addition of a Chinese suffix qū (区), which means 'area, district, region, ward'. Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: 藏; pinyin: Zàng), although the geographical term Xīzàng is often limited to the Tibet Autonomous Region Xīzàng was coined during the Qing dynasty in the reign of the Jiaqing Emperor (1796–1820) through the addition of the prefix xī (西, 'west') to Zang.

 

The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: 吐蕃; or Tǔbō, 土蕃 or Tǔfān, 土番). This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang, describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor Yang of Sui Middle-Chinese language spoken during that period, as reconstructed by William H. Baxter, 土番 was pronounced thux-phjon, and 吐蕃 was pronounced thux-pjon (with the x representing tone.

Other pre-modern Chinese names for Tibet include:

• Wusiguo (Chinese: 烏斯國; pinyin: Wūsīguó; cf. Tibetan: dbus, Ü, [wyʔ˨˧˨]);
• Wusizang (Chinese: 烏斯藏; pinyin: wūsīzàng, cf. Tibetan: dbus-gtsang, Ü-Tsang);
• Tubote (Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè); and
• Tanggute (Chinese: 唐古忒; pinyin: Tánggǔtè, cf. Tangut

14세기까지는 과거 이 지역 왕조인 토번(吐蕃, 투베트, 투보트)으로 통칭되었다.티베트 망명 정부에서는 한자표기를 도박(圖博, Tǔbó)으로 하고 있다.

고대 튀르크 및 소그드어로 기록된 문헌에는 이 지역을 튀퓟(Tüpüt)으로 부르고 있다. 이 명칭은 티베트 북부 지역을 나타내는 티베트어 tu phod 이나 stod pod에서 유래된 것으로 추정되며, 유력한 가설 중 하나이다. 이 발음이 아랍 세계로 전해진 뒤 영어권에서 Thibet라고 불리다가, 현재 영문명칭 Tibet으로 정착됐다.

 

American Tibetologist Elliot Sperling has argued in favor of a recent tendency by some authors writing in Chinese to revive the term Tubote (simplified Chinese: 图伯特; traditional Chinese: 圖伯特; pinyin: Túbótè) for modern use in place of Xizang, on the grounds that Tubote more clearly includes the entire Tibetan plateau rather than simply the Tibet Autonomous Region.

 

The English word Tibet or Thibet dates back to the 18th century. Historical linguists generally agree that "Tibet" names in European languages are loanwords from Semitic Ṭībat or Tūbātt (Arabic: طيبة، توبات‎; Hebrew: טובּה, טובּת‎), itself deriving from Turkic Töbäd (plural of töbän), literally 'The Heights'.

 

the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi.

 

Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script.

 

Starting in 2001, the local deaf sign languages of Tibet were standardized, and Tibetan Sign Language is now being promoted across the country.

The first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book was written by Alexander Csoma de Kőrös in 1834.

티베트 전도

현재 칭하이성으로 편입된 암도(Amdo, a mdo)와 쓰촨성으로 편입된 캄(Kham, khams) 지방이 포함된  대티베트.

소위 티베트 자치구는 현재 시짱자치구(西藏自治區)로 위짱(Ü-Tsang, dbus gtsang) 지방이다.

 

Tibetan people (Tibetan: བོད་པ་)

 

Tibetan people, language, and culture, regardless of where they are from, are referred to as Zang (Chinese: 藏; pinyin: Zàng)

 

The Tibetan people (Tibetan: བོད་པ་, Wylie: bod pa, THL: bö pa; Chinese: 藏族) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Tibet Tibet Autonomous Region, significant numbers of Tibetans live in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Sichuan, and Yunnan, as well as in India, Nepal, Bhutan and the western world.

 

Tibetan languages belong to the Tibeto-Burman language group. The traditional or mythological, explanation of the Tibetan people's origin is that they are the descendants of the human Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. It is thought that most of the Tibeto-Burman speakers in Southwest China, including Tibetans, are direct descendants from the ancient Qiang people.

 

Most Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although some observe the indigenous Bon religion and there is a small Muslim minority. Tibetan Buddhism influences Tibetan art, drama and architecture, while the harsh geography of Tibet has produced an adaptive culture of Tibetan medicine and cuisine.

 

Tibetan peopleབོད་པ་

bod pa · 博巴   : Total population  6.5 million

 

Regions with significant populations

Mainland China 6.3 million

India          120,000

Nepa 20,000–40,000

United States10,000 

Canada        8,040   

Bhutan        5,000

Switzerland  4,000

Australia     1,000

New Zealand  66 

Japan           60

 

Languages :  Tibetic languages

Religion :  Predominantly Tibetan Buddhism; significant minority of Hinduism; minorities of Bon, Christianity, Islam

Related ethnic groups :Sherpa · Qiang · Ngalop · Sharchop · Ladakhis · Baltis · Burig · Kachin · Yi · Bamar · Other Sino-Tibetan

 

 

 As of the 2014 Census, there are about 6 million Tibetans living in the Tibet Autonomous Region and the 10 Tibetan autonomous prefectures in the provinces of Gansu, Qinghai, Yunnan and Sichuan. The SIL Ethnologue in 2009 documents an additional 189,000 Tibetic speakers living in India, 5,280 in Nepal and 4,800 in Bhutan. The Central Tibetan Administration's (CTA) Green Book (of the Tibetan Government in Exile) counts 145,150 Tibetans outside Tibet: a little over 100,000 in India; over 16,000 in Nepal; over 1,800 in Bhutan, and over 25,000 in other parts of the world. There are Tibetan communities in the United States, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, France, Mexico, Norway, Mongolia, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. In the Baltistan region of Northern Pakistan, the Balti people are a Muslim ethnicity of Tibetan descent numbering around 300,000.

 

Language

Main article: Standard Tibetan

Ethnolinguistic map of Tibet

 

Linguists generally classify the Tibetan language as a Tibeto-Burman language of the Sino-Tibetan language family although the boundaries between 'Tibetan' and certain other Himalayan languages can be unclear. According to Matthew Kapstein:

From the perspective of historical linguistics, Tibetan most closely resembles Burmese among the major languages of Asia. Grouping these two together with other apparently related languages spoken in the Himalayan lands, as well as in the highlands of Southeast Asia and the Sino-Tibetan frontier regions, linguists have generally concluded that there exists a Tibeto-Burman family of languages. More controversial is the theory that the Tibeto-Burman family is itself part of a larger language family, called Sino-Tibetan.

Tibetan family in Kham attending a horse festival

 

The language has numerous regional dialects which are generally not mutually intelligible. It is employed throughout the Tibetan plateau and Bhutan and is also spoken in parts of Nepal and northern India, such as Sikkim Kham, Amdo and some smaller nearby areas are considered Tibetan dialects. Other forms, particularly Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, and Ladakhi.

 

Although spoken Tibetan varies according to the region, the written language, based on Classical Tibetan Pakistan in the west to Yunnan and Sichuan in the east, and from north of Qinghai Lake south as far as Bhutan. The Tibetan language has its own script which it shares with Ladakhi and Dzongkha, and which is derived from the ancient Indian Brāhmī script.

 

Starting in 2001, the local deaf sign languages of Tibet were standardized, and Tibetan Sign Language is now being promoted across the country.

The first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book was written by Alexander Csoma de Kőrös in 1834.

 

중국티베트어족 티베트-버마어파에 속한 티베트어를 주로 사용한다. 티베트 문자를 쓰며, 방언의 종류가 다양하다.

티베트어의 방언은 크게 우창 티베트어가 속해 있는 중부 방언, 칭하이성 일대와 그 주변에서 쓰이는 암도 방언, 쓰촨성 서부의 고원지대에서 쓰이는 캄 방언의 세 가지로 나뉜다. 이들 방언들 간에는 서로 의사소통이 가능하며, 현대 표준 티베트어는 중부티베트 방언군 중에서도 라싸 방언이라고 한다.

종카어, 시킴어, 라다크어, 발티어가 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있다.

 

Tibet བོད་ & Tibetan བོད་པ་

(Chinese 西藏)

 

A model presents a creation during a folk costume show at the 5,200-meter-high base camp of the world's highest peak Qomolangma, in southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Aug. 18, 2018. (Xinhua/Liu Dongjun)

 

 

Tibetan wild donkeys are seen at the foot of Mount Kangrinboqe in Ngari Prefecture, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region, Sept. 11, 2018. (Xinhua/Purbu Zhaxi)